Increased data communication capacity of a high rate wireless network

ABSTRACT

The invention relates to a wireless radiofrequency data communication system comprising:
         a base-station comprising multiple first sets and a signal processing-unit, wherein each first set comprises a transmitter- and receiver-unit provided with a transmitter and a receiver and at least one antenna which is connected to the transmitter- and receiver-unit, wherein the signal processing-unit is connected with each of the first sets for processing signals received by the first sets and processing signals to be transmitted by the first sets, and   multiple second sets, wherein each second set comprises a transmitter- and receiver-unit provided with a transmitter and a receiver and at least one antenna which is connected to the transmitter- and receiver-unit.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION

This application claims priority of European Patent Application No.00303793.4, which was filed on May 5, 2000.

DESCRIPTION

The invention relates to a wireless radiofrequency data communicationsystem comprising:

-   -   a base-station comprising multiple first sets and a signal        processing-unit, wherein each first set comprises a transmitter-        and receiver-unit provided with a transmitter and a receiver and        at least one antenna which is connected to the transmitter- and        receiver-unit, wherein the signal processing-unit is connected        with each of the first sets for processing signals received by        the first sets and processing signals to be transmitted by the        first sets, and    -   multiple second sets, wherein each second set comprises a        transmitter- and receiver-unit provided with a transmitter and a        receiver and at least one antenna which is connected to the        transmitter- and receiver-unit. This system may be a full duplex        communication system.

The invention relates also to a wireless radiofrequency datacommunication system comprising in use:

-   -   k₁ multiple first groups, wherein each first group comprises a        transmitter-unit and at least one antenna which is connected to        the transmitter-unit for transmitting a signal; and    -   k₂ multiple second groups, wherein each second group comprises a        receiver-unit and at least one antenna which is connected to the        receiver-unit. This system may be limited to a simplex        communication system.

Wireless radiofrequency data communication systems of this type areknown and find their applications in a variety of fields. An example ofsuch an application can be found in the domain of digital communicationfor electronic-mail. In this application each personal computer can beprovided with at least one second set so that the personal computer canbe incorporated in an network. The base-station may in that case beconnected with a server of the network. Further examples are given, forinstance, in the domain of mobile telephony. In the case of mobiletelephony the base-station is a telephony exchange. In the majority ofthe applications more than one second set wants to communicate with thebase-station. This means that the second set transmits signals to thisbase-station and also receives signals from this base-station. Since itwould not be acceptable if all second sets would have to wait for eachother's communication to be finished, there is a need for simultaneouscommunication. Simultaneous communication allows more second sets tocommunicate at the same time with the base-station. A straightforwardand common way of realising simultaneous communication is to assigndifferent radiofrequencies to the respective second sets. In this wayall data signals can be separated easily by the first sets in thebase-station by frequency selective filters. Furthermore, thebase-station can communicate with each second set at the specificradiofrequency which has been assigned to the second set. A transmittedradiofrequency signal contains the actual information to be transmittedto the receiver. This actual information has been modulated on theradiofrequency carrier-signal. Several techniques have been developedfor modulating information on the carrier-signal likefrequency-modulation, phase-modulation amplitude-modulation et cetera.It is an object of the invention to increase the capacity of thewireless communication system per frequency or frequency- band used bythe system.

The present invention therefore provides in a wireless radiofrequencydata communication system which is characterised in that the signalprocessing-unit comprises information about the transfer-functions ofradiofrequency signals from each of the antennas of the first sets toeach of the antennas of the second sets and/or vice versa, and whereinthe transmitters and receivers, both in the first sets and in the secondsets, operate on essentially the same radiofrequency orradiofrequency-band, and wherein the signal processing-unit processesthe signals received by the first sets and processes the signals to betransmitted by the first sets on the basis of said transfer functionssuch that for each second set of a plurality of the second sets anindividual communication channel is formed with the base-station whereinthese communication channels are generated simultaneously and separatelyfrom each other.

In this manner multiple communication channels are realised on the samefrequency, or within the same frequency-band, based on the principlethat the signals can be separated thanks to the differentcharacteristics of the transfer-functions. Hence the capacity perfrequency or frequency-band is indeed increased. The geometry of theconfiguration of the communication system determines the transferfunctions which belong to the different travel-paths between theantennas of the first sets and the second sets in the base-station.These transfer functions are expressed by complex numbers. Each complexnumber expresses the transfer function between one antenna of one of thefirst sets and one antenna of the second set. The amplitude of thecomplex number is the attenuation of the signal's strength and the phaseof the complex number is the phase modulation incurred duringtransmission along the travel-path. Since the used frequencies arerelatively high, the transfer functions depend largely on theconfiguration. The system according to the present invention can be usedas a full duplex communication system.

A special embodiment according to the invention is characterised in thatthe number of first sets is N and, in use, the number of second sets isM, wherein N is greater than M, wherein the signal processing-unit isprovided with an inputport for imputing M signals to be received by therespective M second sets, wherein the processing unit is arranged toprocess the M signals in combination on the basis of the information ofthe transfer-functions to obtain N transmit-signals which are fed to therespective N first sets for being transmitted by the first sets to thesecond sets and wherein the processing unit is arranged to process the Msignals in combination in such a way that the M signals are receivedseparately by the respective M second sets if the second sets eachreceive the N transmit-signals, thereby establishing M of saidsimultaneous communication channels. According to this specialembodiment transmission of data-signals to the respective second setscan be performed in a very accurate way. Preferably this embodiment isfurther characterised in that the processing unit is arranged to, inuse, process, on the basis of the information about thetransfer-functions H, the M signals Q to obtain the N transmit-signalsR, to be transmitted by the first sets, according toR=P _(D) Q,  (I)resulting in that the M signals Q are received separately by therespective second sets if the second sets each receive the Ntransmit-signals, where P_(D)=[H*(H*H)⁻¹]^(T) is the pseudo-inverse forH^(T) and where H* is the complex conjugated and transposed of H,wherein H is a complex [N*M] matrix containing transfer functionsh_(ij)(i=1, . . . , N; j=1, . . . , M), wherein h_(ij) is the transferfunction for transmission from the j^(th) second set of the M secondsets to the i^(th) first set of the N first sets, and where Q is acomplex M dimensional vector [Q₁, Q₂, . . . , Q_(j), . . . , Q_(M)]^(T)wherein Q_(j) is the signal to be transmitted to the j^(th) second setof the M second sets and where R=[R₁, R₂, . . . , R_(i), . . . ,R_(N)]^(T) wherein R_(i) is the transmit- signal to be transmitted bythe i^(th) first set of the N first sets.

A further embodiment according to the invention is characterised in thatthe number of first sets is N and, in use, the number of second sets isM, wherein N is greater than M, wherein, in use, each of the M secondsets transmits a signal so that M signals are transmitted to be receivedin combination by the first sets wherein the signal processing-unit isarranged to process in combination signals received by each of the firstsets on the basis of the information about the transfer-functions torecover the M signals transmitted by the M second sets separately fromeach other, thereby obtaining M of said simultaneous communicationchannels. According to this embodiment M signals can be transmitted fromthe respective second sets to be individually recovered by thebase-station in a very accurate way. Preferably this embodiment isfurther characterised in that the processing unit is arranged to, inuse, process, on the basis of the information about thetransfer-functions H, the signals r which are received by the firstsets, to calculate an estimation x_est of the M signals x^(c) which weretransmitted by the M second sets, according to the mathematicalexpressionx _(—) est=P _(U) r,  (II)where P_(U)=[(H*H)⁻¹H*] is the pseudo-inverse for H and where H* is thecomplex conjugated and transposed of H, wherein H is a complex [N*M]matrix containing transfer functions h_(ij) (i=1, . . . , N; j=1, . . ., M), wherein h_(ij) is the transfer function for transmission from thej^(th) second set of the M second sets to the i^(th) first set of the Nfirst sets, r is a complex N dimensional vector [r₁, . . . , r_(i), . .. , r_(N)]^(T) with r_(i) the signal received by the i^(th) first set ofthe N first sets x_est is a complex M dimensional vector [x_est₁, . . ., x_est_(j), . . . , x_est_(M)]^(T) where x_est_(j) is an estimation ofx^(c) _(j), and where x^(c) is a complex M-dimensional vector [x^(c) ₁,. . . , x^(c) _(j), . . . x^(c) _(M)]^(T), with x^(c) _(j) being thesignal transmitted by the j^(th) second set of the M second sets.Equation (II) is based on the model (III)r=Hx ^(c) +n,  (III)where n is a complex N-dimensional vector containing noise terms pickedup during reception.Additionally, in this embodiment of the invention, the base- stationcan, according to equation (II), suppress noise in the signals which aretransmitted by the second sets. This is of importance since mostly thesecond sets will comprise mobile transmitters which are not able totransmit high-power signals. The base-station on the other hand willpossess enough power to transmit signals with a relative high amplitude,noise reduction at the side of the second sets is therefore of lessimportance.

Depending on the travel-path and the specific radiofrequency used, thetransmitted signal may suffer from fading. This can be rather serious,even resulting in that such a signal may lack the strength to beproperly received. Knowledge of the transfer-functions can serve inpreventing the use of those frequencies which suffer too much fromfading for a particular travel-path.

An advantageous embodiment of the data communication system according tothe invention is characterised in that each second set comprises aserial-to-parallel/parallel-to-serial unit, which unit, in use, splitsthe data signal of said second set in a multiple of signals, and meansfor modulating these signals on different frequencies according to theInverse Fast Fourier Transformation, and wherein each first setcomprises a unit for executing a Fast Fourier Transformation on thesignal received by said first set and means for combining thetransformed signals in order to recover said data-signal. This is theconcept of the Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM)technique. The OFDM technique can be applied for preventing Inter-SymbolInterference (ISI). The ISI effect is the effect wherein symbolsinterfere with each other as a consequence of differences in travel-pathlengths, for instance caused by the multipath phenomenon. This can beillustrated with the following example: At a symbol rate of say 10[Mega-symbols/second] and a maximum delay spread of say 100 [ns] eachsymbol smears out over two symbol intervals, resulting in a significantamount of ISI. This ISI effect may be prevented by cyclically extendingthe symbol interval with a guard interval which is larger than the delayspread. The OFDM technique has in the system according to the inventionas a further advantage that the effects of frequency selective fadingare strongly reduced. Delay spread causes different attenuations for theN different signals r received by the first sets. Some of the receivedsignals r_(i) may be in a deep fade, thereby degrading the overall biterror probability. The conventional approach to fix this problem is toapply forward error correction coding accross the received signalsr_(i), such that a few erroneous received signals r_(i) can becorrected. With the present multi-antenna processing, the probability ofdeep fades is greatly reduced because of the antenna receiving diversityeffect. Hence the combination of multi-antenna processing and OFDM alsoreduces or eliminates the problem of frequency selective fading. Inshort: The combination of multi-antenna processing according to thepresent invention and OFDM for each signal which is transmitted by thesecond set 14.j has the advantages that ISI is avoided and that no orless coding redundancy is required compared to a single antenna OFDMsystem. Hence the application of OFDM will considerable limit the numberof erroneous signals. This is of special interest for the datacommunication capacity since signals which have not been receivedcorrectly, which will be detected with a redundancy check, have to betransmitted again. This will cost a lot of overhead according accordingto the communication protocol and will reduce the overall datacommunication capacity.

Yet the system of the invention which may be limited to a simplexcommunication system is a wireless radiofrequency data communicationsystem comprising in use:

-   -   k₁ multiple first groups, wherein each first group comprises a        transmitter-unit and at least one antenna which is connected to        the transmitter-unit for transmitting a signal; and    -   k₂ multiple second groups, wherein each second group comprises a        receiver-unit and at least one antenna which is connected to the        receiver-unit, characterised in that, the wireless        radiofrequency data communication system further comprises a        signal processing-unit which is, if k₁>k₂, connected to each of,        the first groups and which is, if k₁<k₂, connected to each of,        the second groups, wherein the signal processing-unit comprises        information about the transfer-functions of radiofrequency        signals from each of the first groups to each of the second        groups and/or vice versa, and wherein, each of the        transmitter-units, of the first groups operates on essentially        the same radiofrequency or radiofrequency band, and wherein, in        use, if k₁>k₂, the signal processing-unit processes k₂        data-signals to be transmitted to the k₂ second groups for        obtaining k₁ signals which are supplied to the respective first        groups to be transmitted, wherein the k₂ data signals are        processed on the basis of said transfer functions in such a        manner that the respective second groups will receive separately        the respective k₂ data-signals, thereby establishing k₂        simultaneous communication channels, and wherein, in use, if        k₁<k₂, the signal processing-unit processes k₂ signals, which        are received by the respective second groups on the basis of        said transfer functions in such way that an estimation is made        of the k₁ signals transmitted by the first groups, thereby        establishing k₁ simultaneous communication channels.        Additionally, this overall data communication system can also be        carried out with the concept of the so-called Orthogonal        Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) method.

In the accompanying drawings, in which certain modes of carrying out thepresent invention are shown for illustrative purposes:

FIG. 1 is a diagram showing a wireless data communication systemoperating at one specific radiofrequency in the uplink situation;

FIG. 2 is a diagram showing a wireless data communication systemoperating at one specific radiofrequency in the downlink situation;

FIG. 3 is a diagram showing a wireless data communication system whichoperates on a frequency-band.

An embodiment of a wireless radiofrequency data communication systemaccording to the invention is shown in FIG. 1. This wirelessradiofrequency data communication system comprises a base-station 2which comprises a signal processing-unit 4 and multiple first sets 6.i(i=1,2, . . . , N). Each first set 6.i comprises a transmitter- andreceiver-unit 10.i, comprising a transmitter and a receiver, and atleast one antenna 12.i which is connected to the transmitter-andreceiver-unit 10.i. In this example each first set 6.i comprises oneantenna 12.i connected to the transmitter- and receiver-unit 10.i. Thesignal processing-unit 4 is at one side connected to each of the firstsets 6.i, i=1,2, . . . , N, and at another side connected to each of thecoding/decoding-units 13.j, j=1,2, . . . , M. Furthermore, the systemcomprises multiple second sets 14.j (j=1,2, . . . , M), wherein eachsecond set 14.j comprises a transmitter- and receiver-unit 18.j and atleast one antenna 20.j which is connected to said transmit- and receiveunit 18.j. Each of the second sets 14.j is connected with acoding/decoding-unit 19.j, j=1,2, . . . , M.

The first sets 6.i in the base-station 2 can transmit and receivesignals to/from the second sets 14.j. The situation wherein signals aretransmitted from the second sets 14.j to the first sets 6.i in thebase-station 2 is called uplink, this is the situation depicted in FIG.1. Transmission of signals from the first sets 6.i in the base-station 2to the second sets 14.j is called downlink, this is illustrated in FIG.2. In the configurations of FIG. 1 and FIG. 2 there are N first sets 6.iin the base-station 2 and, in use, M second sets 14.j. (The number M ofsecond sets 14.j which are actually used may vary). Hereby it ispossible that each second set 14.j belongs to one user, but it isequally possible that one user uses more than one second set 14.j. It iseven thinkable that one user uses all second sets. Mostly thebase-station will be connected to a server, for instance an internetand/or intranet server for establishing wireless connections with andbetween mobile notebooks. Each of these mobile notebooks is providedwith at least one second set.

In the uplink situation (FIG. 1) a radiofrequency transmission signalx^(RF) _(j) is generated by the second set 14.j and subsequentlytransmitted to the first sets 6.i (i=1, . . . , N). Each signal x^(RF)_(j) contains the modulated information of data-signal x_(j). Thedata-signal x_(j) is the input to the coding/decoding unit 19.j, theoutput of this unit is the low-frequency signal x^(C) _(j). The firstfunction in the uplink situation of the coding/decoding unit 19.j is tomodulate data-signal x_(j) on a carrier-signal, which yields thelow-frequency signal x^(C) _(j). (Examples of methods of modulation areamplitude modulation and phase modulation. These kinds of modulation areknown). A possible second function of the coding/decoding unit 19.j isto apply Forward Error Correction. (The technique of Forward ErrorCorrection is known). Moreover, if desired, some of the coding/decodingunits 19.j can be combined into a single coding/decoding unit. This isschematically indicated in FIG. 1 with the dotted line which combinesthe units 19.1 and 19.2). The transmitter- and receiver-unit 18.j, whichcomprises a radiofrequency-modulation and a radiofrequency-demodulationfunction, modulates the output x^(C) _(j) of the coding/decoding unit19.j on a radiofrequency-carrier signal which leads the radiofrequencytransmission signal x^(RF) _(j). The signals x^(RF) _(j)(j=1, . . . , M)are transmitted simultaneously by the second sets 14.j to all first sets6.i (i=1, . . . , N). As a consequence of this, each of the first sets6.i receives a radiofrequency signal r^(RF) _(i). This signal r^(RF)_(i) is in fact a combination of the transmitted signals. In each of thetransmitter- and receiver units 10.i of the first sets 6.i the firststep is the removal of the carrier frequency (which isradiofrequency-demodulation by the transmitter- receiver-unit 10.i) thisyields the low frequency signals r_(i), i=1,2, . . . , N. Then, eachsignal r_(i) is passed to the signal processing-unit 4. The signalprocessing-unit receives N input signals r_(i) and generates M outputsignals x_est_(j). The operation of the signal processing-unit will bedescribed later. The N input signals r_(i) and the M output signalsx_est_(j) of the signal processing unit 4 can be analogue as well asdigital. In this example these signals are analogue low frequencysignals. The signal x_est_(j), is fed to the coding/decoding unit 13.j(j=1,2, . . . , M), which unit has as a main function to performdemodulation of the signal x_est_(j), yielding the information-signalx^(D)_est_(j) in bits form. The signal x^(D)_est_(j) is equal, orapproximately equal, to x_(j). A possible function of thecoding/decoding units 13.j and 19.j is the application of Forward ErrorCorrection. It is also noted here that, if desired, some of the units13.j can be combined in a single unit. This is illustrated schematicallyfor coding/decoding units 13.1 and 13.2 in FIG. 1 with the dotted line.

In the downlink situation (FIG. 2), firstly each of the coding/decodingunits 13.j (j=1,2, . . . , M) gets an input data-signal q_(j) (j=1,2, .. . , M). This data-signal q_(j) contains the information to betransmitted in the form of bits. (The signals q_(j) are the respectivedata-signals to be transmitted to the respective second sets 14.j(j=1,2, . . . , M)). Next, the input-signal q_(i) is modulated into alow frequency signal Q_(j) by the coding/decoding unit 13.j. The signalprocessing unit 4 generates N output signals R_(i) (i=1, . . . , N) onthe basis of these M low frequency signals Q_(j), j=1, . . . , M. Thesignals R_(i) are passed to the first sets 6.i and more specifically tothe transmitter- and receiver-units 10.i of these first sets 6.i. Thesetransmitter-and receiver-units generate the radiofrequency transmissionsignals Z^(RF) _(i) (i=1, . . . , N), which signals are transmitted tothe second sets 14.j. Antenna 20.j of each second set 14.j receives asignal X^(RF) _(j), which signal is in fact a combination of thetransmitted signals. This signal is radiofrequency-demodulated by thetransmitter- and receiver-unit 18.j (j=1,2, . . . , M), which means thatthe radiofrequency-carrier signal is removed from the signal X^(RF)_(j). The low-frequency output signal X_(j) of the transmitter- andreceiver-unit 18.j is the input signal of the coding/decoding unit 19.j(j=1,2, . . . , M). The coding/decoding unit 19.j demodulates the signalX_(j) which yields the data signal X^(D) _(j) (in bits) which is equal(or approximately equal) to q_(j) (j=1,2, . . . , M).

In the uplink situation (FIG. 1) radiofrequency signals x^(RF) _(j) maytravel along a selection of so-called travel-paths T_(i,j), i=1,2, . . ., N; j=1,2, . . . , M. The travel-path T_(i,j) is defined thetravel-path between the antenna 12.i and the antenna 20.j. Since allsignals x^(RF) _(j) are transmitted on essentially the same frequency,for each travel-path T_(i,j) a transfer-function can be defined which isexpressed in a complex number h_(ij). The amplitude of this complexnumber h_(ij) is the attenuation of the transmitted signal and the phaseof this complex number h_(ij) is the phase distortion of the transmittedsignal during transmission from the antenna 20.j to the antenna 12.i andvice versa. All elements h_(ij) (i=1, . . . , N; j=1, . . . , M) arestored in a [N*M] matrix H. This matrix H is called thetransfer-function. The transfer-function H is important since theinformation, which is modulated on a radiofrequency signal by phaseand/or amplitude modulation, can accurately be recovered if the receivercan correct for the amplitude and/or phase distortion which has occurredduring transmission. It is supposed that the transfer function H isknown by the signal processing-unit 4. The transfer-function has to bemeasured regularly by the data communication system. Below, the use ofthe transfer-function H and the procedure (which is known per se) ofmeasuring the transfer-function is elucidated. The transfer function fordownlink is the transposed of the transfer function for uplink. So, ifthe transfer function for uplink is known then the transfer function fordownlink is known also.

The initiation of the calculation (or calibration) of thetransfer-functions can be controlled by the signal processing-unit 4. Ina particular algorithm all antennas (of the first and second sets) butone antenna 20.j of one second set 14.j are forced to be silent, whereinthe one antenna 20.j transmits a calibration signal to the antennas 12.iof the first sets 6.i. The signal which is received by the first set 6.iis a measure for the transfer function h_(ij) (i=1,2, . . . , N). Thisprocedure can be repeated for all other antennas of the second sets.Afterwards the transfer-functions are known by combining the informationgathered in this manner. Since the used frequencies are relatively high,the transfer-functions depend largely on the configuration. Thisimplicates that the transfer-functions have to be updated with a fairlyhigh rate.

According to the invention multiple simultaneous communication channelsmay be generated on essentially one radiofrequency, both for uplink anddownlink, between the first sets 6.i of the base-station 2 and thesecond sets 14.j. For this, use is made of the knowledge thetransfer-function H. The generation of multiple simultaneouscommunication channels significantly increases the data transmissioncapacity of the wireless data communication system relative to othersystems using the same frequency. The generation of simultaneouscommunication channels will be explained in detail below, first for theuplink situation and then for the downlink situation. All necessarycalculations are performed by the signal processing-unit 4, which is inthis particular embodiment situated in the base-station 2.

Now the role of the signal processing unit 4 in the uplink situation(FIG. 1) will be explained in more detail. In the uplink situation thesignal processing unit 4 establishes M simultaneous communicationchannels. This is accomplished as follows: The coding/decoding unit 19.jprovides the second sets 14.j with low-frequency signals x^(C) _(j) onthe basis of the data-signals x_(j). (This is done for all second setsj=1, . . . , M). These signals have to be transmitted to thebase-station. Therefore, the respective M second sets 14.j transmit therespective M radiofrequency data signals x^(RF) _(j) (j=1,2, . . . , M),containing the respective coded information of data signals x_(j),simultaneously to the N first sets 6.i (i=1,2, . . . , N). Next, thefirst sets 6.i (i=1, . . . , N) generate the signals r_(i) (i=1,2, . . ., N). (The i^(th) first set of the N first sets generates signal r₁).The signal processing unit receives N input signals r_(i) which may benoted as a N-dimensional vector r=[r₁, . . . , r_(N)]^(T). On the basisof these input signals, the signal processing-unit calculates estimationsignals for the signals x^(C) _(j) according to an estimation algorithm.The output of the signal processing-unit are these estimation signalsx_est_(j) (J=1,2, . . . , M) which may be noted as a M-dimensionalvector x_est=[x_est₁ . . . x_est_(M)]^(T).

During transmission and reception noise will be picked up by thereception signals r^(RF) _(i), this noise will accumulate in a noiseterm n_(i) in r_(i). These noise terms may be noted as a N-dimensionalvector n=[n₁, . . . n_(N)]^(T). Since N>M the signals x can be recoveredby the estimation algorithm. This estimation algorithm is based on themathematical model (IV).

 r=Hx ^(c) +n,  (IV)

where H is a complex [N*M] matrix containing the transfer functionsh_(ij) for uplink. The vector x^(c) is a M dimensional vectorx^(c)=[x^(c) ₁, x^(c) ₂, . . . , x^(c) _(j), . . . , x^(c) _(M)]^(T)where x^(c) _(j) is the low frequency signal x^(c) _(j) signal which istransmitted by the second set 14.j. Note that the low-frequency signalx^(c) _(j) actually has to be modulated on a radiofrequency carrier forbeing able to be transmitted by the second sets, this modulation leadsthe signal x^(RF) _(j). Each component of x^(c) is one communicationchannel. The signal processing-unit calculates the M-dimensionalestimation vector x_est of the transmitted signal x^(c) according to themathematical least-squares estimation based on formula (V)x _(—) est=P _(U) r,  (V)where P_(U)=[(H*H)⁻¹H*] is the pseudo-inverse for H and where H* is thecomplex conjugated and transposed of H. In this way, according to (V), Msimultaneous communication channels for uplink are obtained. Theestimation algorithm also brings along a valuable effect of noisesuppression because the noise contribution in r_(i) can be quite serioussince the second sets will not always dispose of powerful transmitters.

Now the role of the processing unit 4 in the downlink situation will beelucidated. In the downlink situation (FIG. 2) the input of the signalprocessing-unit is fed with the M low frequency signals Q_(j). As willbe explained, each of the signals Q_(j) is a communication channel. Thelow-frequency signals Q_(j) may be noted as a M-dimensional vectorQ=[Q₁, . . . , Q_(M)]^(T). In the downlink situation M simultaneouscommunication channels are generated by the signal processing unit 4 inthe following way. On the basis of Q the signal processing-unitgenerates the N output signals R_(i) (i=1, . . . , N) which may be notedas a N-dimensional vector R=[R₁ . . . R_(N)]^(T). Note that thelow-frequency signal R_(i) actually has to be modulated on aradiofrequency carrier for being able to be transmitted by the firstsets, this modulation leads the signal Z^(RF) _(i). During reception inthe first sets 14.j (j=1, . . . , M) the received signal X_(RF) _(j)will be incurred with noise. The noise contribution in the receivedsignal X_(j) is noted as E_(j) (j=1,2, . . . , M). A noise vector maybenoted as follows E=[E₁ . . . E_(M)]^(T). The signal processing-unit 4calculates such a signal R that the signals X_(j) in the second sets14.j are equal (or approximately equal in case of noise) to therespective low-frequency signals Q_(j) (j=1,2, . . . , M). Thisprocedure is elaborated with the following mathematical expression:R=P _(D) Q  (VI)In (VI) the signal R is expressed in terms of the low-frequency signalQ, wherein P_(D)=[H*(H*H)⁻¹]^(T) is the pseudo-inverse for H^(T), andwhere H* is the complex conjugated and transposed of H, wherein H is acomplex [N*M] matrix containing the transfer functions h_(ij) fortransmission from the second sets to the first sets. The signal X, whichis a M-dimensional vector [X₁, . . . , X_(M)], is the output of thesecond sets and is given byX=H ^(T) P _(D) Q+E=Q+E  (VI)where H^(T) is the transfer function for downlink (since H is thetransfer function for uplink). So, indeed M simultaneous communicationchannels for downlink are obtained if the signal processing-unitconverts the low-frequency signals Q into the signals R according to(VI).

The wireless data communication system as described hereinbeforeoperates on just one frequency, thereby using multiple simultaneouscommunication channels (in a duplex mode) at this frequency forincreasing the communication capacity. This concept can be exploited ata greater extend by using a system according to the invention whichoperates at a frequency-band. This concept is particularly suited forbeing used in combination with the Orthogonal Frequency DivisionMultiplexing (OFDM) method. The OFDM method, which is known per se, isapplied in practice for preventing the transmitted symbols fromInter-Symbol Interference (ISI) effects and for reducing fading effectswhich occur, strongly dependant of the used radiofrequency, duringtransmission. The multi-antenna processing technique combined with theOFDM technique (explained below) yields two important advantages. Thefirst advantage of OFDM is that the Inter-Symbol Interference (ISI) issignificantly reduced. ISI is the effect wherein symbols interfere witheach other as a consequence of differences in travel-path lengths, forinstance caused by the multipath phenomenon. According to the OFDMmethod a single data signal is splitted in multiple signals with a lowerdata rate, due to this lower data rate the risk of said interference isreduced. The second advantage of OFDM is that the effects of frequencyselective fading are strongly reduced. Delay spread causes differentattenuations for the N different signals r received by the first sets.Some of the received signals r_(i) may be in a deep fade, therebydegrading the overall bit error probability. The conventional approachto fix this problem is to apply forward error correction coding acrossthe received signals r_(i), such that a few erroneous received signalsr_(i) can be corrected. With the present multi-antenna processing, theprobability of deep fades is greatly reduced because of the antennareceiving diversity effect. Hence the combination of multi-antennaprocessing and OFDM also reduces or eliminates the problem of narrowbandfading.

The principle of using a frequency-band in combination with OFDM willnow be described for the uplink situation as is shown in FIG. 3. In FIG.3 the geometry of the first sets 6.i lodged in the base-station 2, thesecond sets 14.j, the coding/decoding units 13.j and 19.j, thetransmitter- and receiver-units 18.j and 10.i are all comparable withthe embodiments of FIGS. 1 and 2. In the FIGS. 1-3 similar elements havebeen indicated with the same reference numbers. The input to thecoding/decoding unit 19.j (j=1, . . . , M) is the data-signal S_(j),this signal contains the information (for example in bits) which has tobe transmitted to the first sets 6.i (i=1, . . . , N) in the basestation 2. The output of the coding/decoding unit 19.j is thelow-frequency signal S^(C) _(j) (j=, . . . , M). The second sets 14.j inFIG. 3 also comprise a serial-to-parallel/parallel-to-serial unit 21.j.The input for this unit is the low frequency signal S^(C) _(j). In theserial-to-parallel/parallel-to-serial unit 21.j the signal S^(C) _(j) issplitted in K signals [s_(jl), . . . , S_(jK)]. Furthermore, the secondset 14.j comprises aFast-Fourier-Transform/Inverse-Fast-Fourier-Transform (FFT/IFFT) unit22.j. In the uplink situation the unit 22.j receives said K signals atits input and performs an Inverse Fast Fourier Transformation yielding asignal comprising K different frequencies. This signal is fed to thetransmitter- and receiver-unit 18.j for transmission of a narrow-bandtransmission radiofrequency signal S^(RF) _(j) (i=1,2, . . . , M) to bereceived by the first sets 6.i (i=1,2, . . . , M). The received signalsof the first sets 6.i are noted by V^(RF) _(i) (i=1,2, . . . , N). Thetransmit- and receive-units 10.i of the first sets 6.i each remove theradiofrequency carrier from the received signals V^(RF) _(i) to obtain(low frequency) signals V^(C) _(i) (i=1,2, . . . , N). The first sets6.i each comprise aFast-Fourier-Transform/Inverse-Fast-Fourier-Transform (FFT/IFFT) unit24.i. In the uplink situation this unit receives the input signal V^(C)_(i) which comprises, in principle, K different frequencies, the outputcomprises K separate low-frequency signals [v_(il), . . . , v_(iK)]. Thesignal processing unit 4 processes the K*N output-signals v_(ik) (i=1,2,. . . , N; k=1,2, . . . , K) of the FFT/IFFT units 24.i (i=1, . . . ,N). For this, the signal processing unit 4 comprises two types of units:The least squares estimation units 4A.k, k=1, . . . , K and theserial-to-parallel/parallel-to-serial units 4B.j, j=1, . . . , M. Theleast squares units 4A.k are each analogous to the “single-frequencysignal processing unit” 4 in FIGS. 1 and 2. Each least squares unit 4A.kreceives N input signals v_(ik) (i=1,2, . . . , N) from the first sets6.i. The output of each unit 4A.k consists of M estimation signals.These estimation signals are combined is such a way that the outputsignal of the j^(th) serial-to-parallel/parallel-to-serial unit 4B.j isgiven by S_est_(j)=[s_est_(j1), , . . . , s_est_(jK) ], where s_est_(jk)is an estimation signal for s^(c) _(jk). Finally, the low-frequencysignal S_est_(j) is demodulated by the coding/decoding unit 13.j, whichyields the signal S^(D)_est_(j). The signal S^(D)_est_(j) is equal, orapproximately equal, to S_(j), j=1, . . . , M. So, the wireless datacommunication system of FIG. 3 comprises M simultaneous communicationchannels at each of the K frequencies, wherein information istransmitted in parallel.

The wireless data communication system of FIG. 3 can also be used fordownlink. In that case all arrows shown in FIG. 3 have to be reversed inan analogous way as has been carried out in FIG. 2 with respect to FIG.1. So, also for downlink, use can be made of a frequency-band incombination of OFDM.

In accordance with the provisions of the patent statutes, the presentinvention has been described in what is considered to represent itspreferred embodiments. However, it should be noted that the inventioncan be practised otherwise than as specifically illustrated anddescribed without departing from its spirit or scope. For instance, itis thinkable that one uses not only one wireless data communicationsystems (comparable with the one described in FIGS. 1,2) but a multipleof these systems for being able to operate on a frequency-band insteadof just one frequency. A special, very efficient, example of such asystem is the embodiment of the system described in FIG. 3. Moreover,for systems which operate on a frequency-band it is thinkable that thesesystems dispose over an algorithm for establishing radiofrequencies forwhich the signal has the least attenuation for a specific travel-path.It is then preferable to transmit on these frequencies. Furthermore, itis clear that the described systems can be used by one or by more thanone user. If the system is used by just one user, then this user candispose over a very high communication capacity. Mostly, the increasedsystem capacity will be used to serve multiple users, with thepossibility that some user(s) dispose over more than one antenna and/orsets.

Furthermore, the system according to the FIGS. 1-3 can also be reducedto a simplex communication system. For example the transmitter- andreceiver-units 10.i may be replaced by transmit-units (i=1,2, . . . , N)and the transmitter- and receiver-units 18.j may be replaced byreceive-units 18.j (j=1,2, . . . , M). If N=k₁ and M=k₂ with k₁>k₂ thefirst s first groups 6.i for transmission only and the second sets 14.jare second groups 14.j for receiving only. Hence M=k₂ simplexcommunication channels are formed. Alternatively, the transmitter- andreceiver-units 10.i may be replaced by receiver-units 10.i (i=1,2, . . ., N) and the transmitter- and receiver-units 18.j may be replaced bytransmitter-units 18.j (j=1, . . . , M). If N=k₂ and M=k₁ with k₁<k₂ thefirst sets 6.i are second groups 6.i for receiving only and the secondsets 16.j are first groups 16.j for transmission only (j=1,2, . . . ,M). Hence M=k₁ simplex communication channels are formed. Each of theabove systems can also be combined with the OFDM techniques as discussedin relation with FIG. 3.

1. Wireless radiofrequency data system comprising: a base-stationcomprising N first sets and a signal processing-unit connected with eachof the N first sets for processing signals received and to betransmitted by the N first sets, and M seconds sets with N greater thanM, wherein each first set and each second set comprises a transmitter-and receiver-unit having at least one antenna and provided with atransmitter and a receiver that operate on essentially the sameradiofrequency or radiofrequency-band, wherein the signalprocessing-unit is provided with an inputport for inputting M signals Qto be received by the respective M second sets and comprises informationabout transfer-functions H of radiofrequency signals from each of theantennas of the N first sets to each of the antennas of the M secondsets and/or vice versa, and wherein the signal processing-unit processesthe signals received and to be transmitted by the N first sets on thebasis of said transfer functions H such that for each second set of aplurality of the M second sets an individual communication channel isformed with the base-station wherein these communication channels aregenerated simultaneously and separately from each other, wherein theprocessing unit is arranged to process the M signals Q in combination onthe basis of information of the transfer-functions H to establish M ofsaid simultaneous communication channels by processing on the basis ofthe information about the transfer-functions H, the M signals Q toobtain the N transmit-signals R, to be transmitted by the first sets tothe second sets, according toR=P _(D) Q,  (A) resulting in that the M signals Q are receivedseparately by the respective second sets if the second sets each receivethe N transmit-signals, where P_(D)=[H*(H*H)⁻¹]^(T) is the pseudoinverseof H^(T) and where H* is the complex conjugated and transposed of H,wherein H is a complex [N*M] matrix containing transfer functionsh_(ij)(i=1, . . . , N; j=, . . . , M), wherein h_(ij) is the transferfunction for transmission from the i^(th) second set of the M secondsets to the i^(th) first set of the N first sets, and where Q is acomplex M dimensional vector [Q₁, Q₂, . . . Q_(j), . . . , Q_(m)]wherein O_(j) is the signal to be transmitted to the j^(th) second setof the M second sets and where R=[R₁, R₂, . . . R_(j), . . . R_(N)]^(T)wherein R_(i) is the transmit-signal to be transmitted by the i^(th)first set of the N first sets.
 2. Wireless radiofrequency datacommunication system according to claim 1, characterised in that, thecommunication channels are duplex communication channels.
 3. Wirelessradio-frequency data communication system comprising in use: k1 multiplefirst groups, wherein each first group comprises a transmitter-unit andat least one antenna which is connected to the transmitter-unit fortransmitting a signal; and k2 multiple second groups, which each secondgroup comprises a receiver-unit and at least one antenna which isconnected to the receiver-unit, characterised in that, the wirelessradiofrequency data communication system further comprises a signalprocessing-unit which is k₁>k₂ connected to each of, the first groupsand which is, if k₁<k₂, connected to each of, the second groups, whereinthe signal processing-unit comprises information about thetransfer-functions of radiofrequency signals from each of the firstgroups to each of the second groups, and/or vice versa, and wherein,each of the transmitter-units, of the first groups operates onessentially the same radiofrequency or radio frequency band, andwherein, in use, if k₁>k₂, the signal processing-unit processes k₂data-signals to be transmitted to the k₂ second groups for obtaining k₁signals which are supplied to the respective first groups to betransmitted, where the k₂ data signals are processed on the basis ofsaid transfer functions in such a manner that the respective secondgroups will receive separately the respective k₂ data-signals, therebyestablishing k₂ simultaneous communication channels, and wherein, inuse, if k₁<k₂, the signal processing-unit processes k₂ signals, whichare received by the respective second groups on the basis of saidtransfer functions in such way that an estimation is made of the k₁signals transmitted by the first groups, thereby establishing k₁simultaneous communication channels.
 4. Wireless radiofrequency datacommunication system according to claim 3, characterised in that eachfirst group comprises a serial-to.parallel-to-serial unit, which unit,in use, splits the data signal in a multiple of signals, and means formodulating these signals on different frequencies according to theInverse Fast Fourier Transformation, and wherein each second groupcomprises a unit for executing a Fast Fourier Transformation on thesignal received by said second group and means for combining thetransformed signals in order to recover said data-signal.
 5. Wirelessradiofrequency data system comprising: a base-station comprising N firstsets and a signal processing-unit connected with each of the N firstsets for processing signals received and to be transmitted by the Nfirst sets, and M seconds sets with N greater than M, wherein each firstset and each second set comprises a transmitter- and receiver-unithaving at least one antenna and provided with a transmitter and areceiver that operate on essentially the same radiofrequency ofradiofrequency-band and, in use, each of the M second sets transmits asignal so that M signals are transmitted to be received in combinationby the N first sets, wherein the signal processing-unit comprisesinformation about transfer-functions H of radiofrequency signals fromeach of the antennas of the first sets to each of the antennas of thesecond sets and/or vice versa, and processes the signals received and tobe transmitted by the N first sets on the basis of said transferfunctions H, such that for each second set of a plurality of the Msecond sets an individual communication channel is formed with thebase-station wherein these communication channels are generatedsimultaneously and separately from each other, wherein the signalprocessing-unit is arranged to recover the M signals transmitted by theM second sets separately from each other, thereby obtaining M of saidsimultaneous communication channels, by processing on the basis of theinformation about the transfer-functions H, the signals r which arereceived by the first sets, to calculate an estimation x_est of the Msignals x^(c) which were transmitted by the M second sets, according tothe mathematical expressionx_est=P_(U) r,  (B) where P_(U)=[(H*H)⁻¹ H*] is the pseudo-inverse for Hand where H* is the complex conjugated and transposed of H, wherein H isa complex [N*M] matrix containing transfer functions h_(ij)(i=1, . . . ,N; i=1, . . . , M), wherein h_(ij) is the transfer function fortransmission from the i^(th) second set of the M second sets to thei^(th) first set of the N first sets, r is a complex N dimensionalvector [r₁, . . . , r_(i), . . . , r_(N)]^(T) with r_(i) the signalreceived by the i^(th) first set of the N first sets, x_est is a complexM dimensional vector [x_est_(j), . . . , x_est_(j), . . . ,x_est_(M)]^(T) where x_est_(j) is an estimation of x^(c) _(j), andwherein x^(c) is a complex M-dimensional vector [x^(c) ₁, . . . , x^(c)_(j), . . . , x^(c) _(M)]^(T), with x^(c) _(j) being the signaltransmitted by the j^(th) second set of the M second sets.
 6. Wirelessradiofrequency data communication system according to claim 5,characterised in that each second set comprises aserial-to-parallel/parallel-to-serial unit, which unit, in use, splitsthe data signal of said second set in a multiple of signals, an meansfor modulating these signals on different frequencies according to theInverse Fast Fourier Transformation, and wherein each first setcomprises a unit for executing a Fast Fourier Transformation on thesignals received by said first set and means for combining thetransformed signals in order to recover said data-signal.